Treatment Approaches Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Treatment Approaches - Essay Example ach focuses on minimizing the bad behavior initially, and with the passage of time, having complete control over that particular behavior and getting rid of it (Denning et al., 2004). It is far easier to make people realize that using seat belts while driving can prevent many damages during an accident instead of eliminating the complete auto mobile industry to overcome damages in road accidents. The harm reduction approach mainly focuses on reducing the hazardous behavior of an individual that might cause harm to him/her and to the society in general. While disease model looks upon such behaviors with a different perspective. According to disease model, people addictive to drugs or alcohol are treated as chronically diseased and can get relief either by continuing to use the addictive drugs which in turn deteriorate their health, or by practicing self-restraint to abstain the addiction once and for all (Van and Davis, 2012). Hence, the objective of both the approaches is same i.e. curing addiction, but the method of analyzing the patient and its treatment is different. Legalizing Drugs: The government should realize that the people who are addictive to alcoholism and to other drugs will not leave them even if they are forced to do so, therefore, in an organized manner, these drugs should be made available to such addictive people in specific institutes where they will not only be monitored but will also be helped in getting over their damaging behavior. Safe Drinking: An individual with drinking problems not only put themselves in harm’s way by losing control which eventually leads to hazardous accidents involving others as well. Therefore, the best solution to control and overcome such situations is to drink in presence of a company. In this way, the results of drinking on an individual as well as on his surroundings can be controlled by those present around the drinkers. Reduced Drinking: The best way to get rid of addictive habits is by taking baby steps

Statistics and Stress in Medicos Essay Example for Free

Statistics and Stress in Medicos Essay There is a lot of anxiety among medical practitioners, both senior and junior concerning certain topics like statistics and epidemiology. The anxiety in some situations becomes quite acute causing stress to themselves as well as their students. Good research draws on statistics to prove certain findings and to establish associations. However statistics is definitely not everything in research. Identifying a topic of research, writing up the objectives, planning the right design, coming up with a water tight methodology, estimating an adequate sample; all these are equally important. Even as judging of studies in conferences goes, most experts are carried away by some fancy statistical methods used rather than other criteria. Unfortunately our current medical society is captivated by statistics in a love hate relationship, with a significant overlay of fear of the subject. This fear is being passed on to the new generation. Let us face the facts. Statistics is a subject associated with mathematics. Most degree courses in universities combine statistics with math. Biostatistics is one field where we have borrowed some principles of statistics to assist in our medical research for the common good of the society. Just like there are surgically inclined and non surgical people in our medical fraternity, there are those who are statistically inclined and those who are not. Some of our medical people have taken to statistics well and kudos to them. We depend on them to unravel a few of the mysteries of this predominantly mathematical subject to us; just enough maybe to help us do our research well and come up with scientific inferences. We can continue to draw more and more complicated statistical precepts into our medical field. But at what cost? After a post graduate subject like General Medicine, many doctors feel the need to specialize in a particular sub specialty like nephrology, cardio, gastro etc. In the current age, due to rapid advancements in technology and newer knowledge, there is much to learn in each sub specialty and now we are seeing higher and finer specializations. One would not expect a general medicine specialist to have a nephrologists’ knowledge or diagnostic skills and also an endocrinologist’s knowledge. Similarly after an MD in Community Medicine we cannot expect one to have full knowledge in all the subspecialties for example epidemiology, nutrition, health economics, project evaluation etc. Trying to do that would cause a lot of stress and anxiety. However it is desirable to get a good working knowledge of each. This will also help one to decide what subspecialty they would like to take up in the future. There are user friendly statistical packages; Epi Info, SPSS etc. which can help us analyse our data quickly and efficiently. We do need to know some of the simple applications of these packages as it would make our research work very easy. The techniques are simple but need a practical work shop (hands on) approach. I am sure that we can identify resources within our group to help familiarize ourselves with these valuable skills. In conclusion I would like to say that we should stop being fearful of statistics. If I want to travel to a certain city by train, I need to know certain things like which train to catch and how much it would cost and how to get to the station in time. It would be redundant for me to know how to engineer the train to that city. There is an engine driver for that and he is well trained to do just that. The statisticians in our departments are also there to help us. If they are not good enough, it would be appropriate to help them get the required skills. However it is not fitting for us to give too much importance to one topic like statistics at the cost of other perhaps more important fields. We must also keep in mind the younger members in our field who may needlessly develop a phobia for epidemiology and statistics which will then handicap their future.

Importance Of Brand Leadership For A Fmcg Brand Marketing Essay

Importance Of Brand Leadership For A Fmcg Brand Marketing Essay The main objective of this report is to understand the importance of brand leadership for a FMCG brand. The report develops further by analyzing the previous literature on Branding, Brand leadership, and Brand Loyalty which is implied to a FMCG brand. Finally, it underpins the Brand value which enables Irn Bru to create Brand Loyalty. 1.2 Objectives: To identify the Brand Leadership model used by Irn Bru. This is based on Aaker et al. (2000) brand leadership model; an analysis would be carried out in order to compare the model with Irn Bru operations. To identify consumer motives behind purchasing Irn Bru. By the help of a devised survey questionnaire, consumer behaviour toward purchasing of Irn Bru will be analysed To investigate why loyalty develop from consumer perspective in FMCG market. Academic literature and dimension of brand loyalty will be used to investigate this objective. Focus group will be brought under practice to indentify these factors. 1.3 Background: With an increase in the level of competition, and companies offering more than one similar product into the market, it has become necessary to brand the product in order to differentiate it from others. Brands play an important role in modern society, and allow products to be easily identified within the market. The concept of branding is used in many aspects of human life i.e. it could be a product, religion, sports, culture etc. As companies are expanding globally, the concept of branding has been recognised as an utmost important factor. Not only to attract set target markets, but also to attain brand leadership. The main aspects of branding include: building a successful brand, differentiating amongst its competitors, and maintaining the brand image in the market. Due to the intensity of the modern market, there has been increase in the spending on marketing; branding is a major aspect (Aaker, 1991; Simmons, G. 2007). Generally, a brand is considered as a product, service, a pres ence or personality which rides on the mind of consumers. Branding, according to De Chernatony McDonald (1992), has been characterized as the process of creating value by offering convincing and constant customer experience, which in turn satisfy their needs and wants and keep them coming back. Organisations have started referring to themselves as a branding organisation once customers have realized the value of a brand. With diversity in the market, it has become extremely important for companies to create and maintain high brand awareness and identify how it varies from that of the competition. Internet has proved to be a medium that enables consumers to explore the benefits provided. The increasing number of internet users indicates that global brands can be viewed, and interacted from a single point. Also, the increasing number of online purchases reflects the future of brands. Since more than one company manufactures similar products, the question that arises is: which brand is a market leader? Brand leadership has opened a new gateway for the brands who seek to be on the top of the market. Brands can be an important asset for the company, and in the future they will be an increasingly prominent feature of business dealings. AG Barr was founded in 1830 with the foundation of Robert Barrs cork-cutting business in Falkirk. In 1875, his son diversified the company into aerated water production, and in 1887 operations were extended to Glasgow. The Glasgow-based company was re-named AG Barr in 1904. Its core brands included: Irn-Bru, Tizer and Orangina, the latter of which is produced under licence from Pernod Ricard. The company also distributes Lipton on behalf of Unilever Bestfoods in impulse and cash and carry outlets. In 2001, the company established an agreement with Pepsi Bottling Group to distribute Irn-Bru in Russia. The company will continue to focus on its core brands and markets. High brand loyalty for carbonates brand Irn-Bru has seen it maintain sales in a declining market sector The Companys main strength lies in its Irn-Bru brand, which shows no sign of a sales decline and seems unaffected by the general switch to fruit/vegetable juice amongst carbonates consumers. To a certain extent it is po ssible that consumers of Irn-Bru are not much concerned with the health issue; whilst, comparing to other carbonated brands. In order to meet the needs of their potential consumers, Irn-Bru has launched a low-calorie version for the consumers preferring diet carbonated drink. The main strength of Irn-Bru is the inclination of consumers toward Scotlands other national drink. The performance of Irn-Bru in Scotland is astonishing, despite the economic downfall. The catchy advertisements and the tag line Phenomenal has continuously portray the tradition and the uniqueness of the Irn-Bru. AG Barr has also pursued a strategy of diversification through acquisition the company bought Strathmore mineral water in 2006 and acquired both the TAUT sports drink range and the exotic juice drinks manufacturer Group Rubicon in 2008. (GMID, 2009). Rationale for the topic: According to Aaker et al. (2000), the emerging paradigm of strategic brand leadership is replacing the classic, tactically oriented brand management system. Leadership has become an important aspect of the brand, as it leads to innovation. A key element of brand leadership is brand vision. The ability to see the future of the company through the customers eyes is important, as it sets into motion a long-term strategy for the brand. It is vital to discover how consumers perceive the product and what their view points are, as brand value is highly based on it. Measuring loyalty towards a product is equally important as it will enable Irn Bru to reflect on their strategies. Chapter two-Literature Review 2.1 Brand and the concepts: A brand is not a name. A brand is not a positioning statement. It is not a marketing message. It is a promise made by a company to its customers and supported by that company. I may have intelligent agents that can go out and assemble pages of reports on every camcorder on the market, but I dont have time to read them. Ill buy Sony (Sterne, 1999 cited in Rowley, J. 2004). Due to the different characteristics of product, brand enables to distinguish one brand from another ( Riezebos, R. 2003). One of the main concerning areas in the field of marketing is branding. As brands have grown beyond the national boundaries, it has become vital to manage and operate them with a strategic view. This will enable companies to focus on the specific brand, rather than company as a brand. As the level of competition has risen, companies tend to focus on their branding strategies. A well derived strategy will lead a brand to attain high awareness and success in the market niche. As defined by Pickton and Broderick (2001), branding is a strategy that helps the company and their products to leverage in to the market and it also build brand value for the owners of the brand and also the consumers. Whereas, Randall G (2000) has a presented a different approach: Branding comprises of all fundamental strategic process going within the company; it is a part of marketing, but not restricted only to marketing department. Based on the benefits offered by a brand, the consumers form a purchasing decision, and evaluate it depending on their needs and wants. According to Temporal (2001), as the importance of branding is increasing, fast moving consumer goods industry is highly benefited by these strategies. Companies have more than one product in the marketplace, and by viewing the soaring profits in this sector. Companies have tried to differentiate it from their rivals, so that consumers find it easy to purchase. Henceforth, brands provide guarantee package to the consumers in terms of va lue, quality and reliability. Consumers will generate loyalty toward a brand, if the promised quality, value and reliability are full field. As identified by Murphy (1991), Branding adds value to the overall product, and from consumer perspective it provides a self confidence. However, Rowley (2004) has argued by stating that brands not only consist of value, and it also acts an information hub. This enables consumers to eradicate the time spent on searching a specific product offering. 2.2 Brand Equity: The goal of the brand leadership paradigm is to create strong brands. Brand equity is defined as the set of associations and behaviour on the part of a brands customers, channel members and parent corporation that permits the brand to earn greater volume or greater margin than it could without the brand (Wood, 2000). Appendix 1 depicts, according to Aaker (1991) major assets of a company can be brought together into five main types: Brand Loyalty, Brand name awareness, Perceived quality, Brand association, and other proprietary brand assets such as copyrights, patents, trademarks. Appendix 2 shows the brand equity chain, where the description provided on the brand leads to the strengthening the brand and this results in creation or building of brand value. Keller (2003; cited in Atilgan et al. 2005) defined Brand equity from a customer based point of view as Customer based brand equity occurs when the consumer has a high level of awareness and familiarity with the brand and holds som e strong, favourable, and unique brand associations in memory. One of the main reasons for a company to brand their product is to attain organisational goals of attracting and creating amongst their consumers by provision of cost efficient products, as it will aid company to acquire higher margin of profit (De Chernatony McDonald, 1998). Strong brands are the core products of the company and in order to gain a recognition and financial reward, it is important to build a successful brand. Appendix I: Aakers theory on Brand Equity Appendix 2: Brand Equity chain Source: Wood (2000) 2.3 Brand Leadership: Leading brands are perceived to be relevant, unique and compelling. They inspire customer loyalty and enable organizations to charge price premiums. They increase bargaining power with business partners, make it easier to hire and retain talented employees and provide organizations with clear strategic directions and platforms for future growth. Together, these lead to well above average financial performance and a market valuation that far exceeds book value. (Aaker, 2000) Leading brands are organizational assets that must be preserved, enhanced and leveraged for the benefit of their organizations. Aaker Joachimsthaler (2000) developed a Brand Leadership model which will enable companies to build strong brands for the future. It comprises of four challenges which an organisation should consider. 2.3.1 Organisational Challenge: Every organisation should structure and process their functions that will lead them to be a strong brand in the market place. A clear organisational hierarchy should be made so that brands are not at the mercy of ad hoc decisions made by those with no long term interest. When a company increases its portfolio, and extends the production line, every manager from a different production line should provide a common set of inputs, outputs and knowledge that will benefit the organisation. The inter-communication will enable the sharing of insight, experience and brand building initiatives. As companies are going international, there lies a trend which companies struggle to confront with, and organisational challenges are raised. With the increasing competition for talent growing amongst business networks, current economic activities rationalise the challenges which are created within the firm. In order to gain competitive advantage, change in organisational strategy is important as respon se to market need is important. 2.3.1.2 Brand Strategy: Strategies are always used to gain sustainable competitive advantage, which could reflect from any part of the organizations operation. The marketplace is the evaluator of this advantage. Brand strategy is the process whereby the offer is placed to evoke the perception of advantage (Arnold, 1992). Almost all the features of Brand Management are driven by the overall brand strategy; otherwise a company might be leading with a confused perception and image of the brand. Strategy gives focus and direction to brand management and provides the platform that enables brand managers to gain consistency in all their brand related activities (Temporal, 2002). According to Reizebos (2003), a brand strategy is based on two parameters: differentiation and added value. Differentiating refers to the practice of trying to establish the difference between a companys own product and that of the competitor. This signifies that the intention of the brand strategy has a competitive character. By targetin g the differentiation strategy, the firm tends to deliver a brand competitive advantage. The other fundamental trait of a brand strategy is added value, which refers to the fact that a brand has more value for consumers than the bare product. In order to create such an added value, the brand must be meaningful for the consumers (Reizebos, 2003). Appendix 3 shows different branding strategy approaches adapted by brands, and their advantages and disadvantages (Drummond Ensor, 2001). 2.3.2 Brand Architecture: Pertomilli et al. (2002) defines brand architecture from a company perspective as a combination of strategies which include managing, organising and operating in to the market with their brands. 2.3.2.1 Branding in FMCG sector: Branding plays a significant role in FMCG sector, as there are myriad of products in the market. Due to presence of high number of products, it acts a powerful instrument in creation of differentiation and higher store presence. Since the competition is intense in this sector, it is highly important for firms to make their brand identifiable from others. Packaging, graphics and promotional activities such as advertisement is used to attract consumers (Ellwood, 2002). Brands operating in this sector are highly cost efficient and production is carried out in masses. A high capital is required to establish production of FMCG brand, as production cost is high; such firms enjoy the benefits of economies of scale. As identified by Moffett et al. (2002), products are not confined within a region or country. With increase in globalisation, brands can be found in any part of the world. Companies need to consider the global implications of marketing and try to gain brand leadership in the mark etplace. For the FMCG sector, advertising plays a pivotal role and is the best channel to communicate with the targeted audience. Moreover, with the advancement of internet and information provided on it, consumers tend to opt to review product information online before purchasing it. With high competition and many brands offering same product quality, it is very difficult to generate brand loyalty in FMCG sector. 2.3.2.3 Benefits of Branding in FMCG sector: A successful brand is one which evokes the consumers by creating and sustaining a strong, positive and lasting impression. (Fill, 1999). For a FMCG company, it is important to create trust towards its brand in minds of consumers. This trust is being built by providing better quality and satisfaction. Once the trust is created, it subjects to the top most choice of the consumers mind set and leads to re-purchasing actions. The approval of customers signifies that branding, from consumer perspective, is a method which reduces the time taken for decision-making and related perceived risk of the product. This shows that the brand name provides information about the quality, price, and attributes of the product without requiring the consumer to undergo the time consuming process (Fill, 1999). 2.3.2.4 Branding in the soft drink sector: With the fierce competition in the soft drink industry, firms are fighting for market share. Companies should reflect upon their branding strategies, as they are of paramount importance. Companies should extend their brands to various market niches in order to meet the needs of the consumers. The scope and opportunity in this market is high, as products can be differentiated by infusing different flavours. It would be appropriate to emphasize that the value which the brand adds to the product is intangible, however, its presence is undeniable and with immense significance. Considering the characteristics of soft drinks, branding is an ideal marketing tool which allows companies to position and differentiate between the offered product and its incremental value. International product portfolio analysis The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) originated an early version of product portfolio analysis. The BCG version classifies a companys products into four categories: stars, cash cows, problem children, and dogs. The classification is based on market share and market growth rate. The optimum product portfolio for one market is different from that of another. Product A, for example, may be a star in country X, and a dog in country Z. Individualizing the use of portfolio techniques for each country will help define different product portfolios for each foreign market. Although portfolio analysis of products for international sale is relatively new, it can assist the company in determining how to allocate resources among different markets. Positioning a new product/brand depends upon the firms ability to describe product attributes that will generate a flow of benefits to buyers and users. The international marketer planner must put these attributes into bundles so that the benefits created match the special needs of each targeted market segment or subculture. Product positioning then is viewed in a multidimensional space, commonly referred to as theperceptual space or product space (Johanson, 1985). In terms of perceptual space, a particular version of a product is graphically represented as a point specified by its attributes. Competitors (local and international) and other products are similarly located. If points representing other products are close to the point representing the new product, then these are products similar to the new prototype. If the prototype is positioned away from its closest competitors in the world markets and its positioning implies positive features, then it is likely to have a significant competitive advantage. This mapping process is appropriate for each foreign country/market segment contemplated. 2.3.3 Brand identity 2.3.3.1 Competitive Analysis: According to Cohen (1988), competitive analysis permits the understanding of differential competitive advantage, as well as the comparative advantages in relation to competitors. Intense competition requires operations to be carried out with maximum efficiency. The key to this is large-scale production to reduce the value of fixed costs per bottle. With increasingly sophisticated vehicles and rising investment costs, the optimum economic scale increases (Rees, 1999). Industry Analysis Using Porters Five Forces According to Besanko (2007), in order to devise and execute successful strategies, a firm must understand the nature of the markets in which they operate and compete. In 1980, Micheal Porter developed five forces to analyse the extent of competition. Understanding the nature and strength of each of the five forces within an industry assists managers in developing the competitive strategy of their organization. (Campbell D., 2002, p.134) The Five Competitive Forces for Irn Bru: A structural analysis of the UK carbonated soft drinks industry examines the impact the various forces have on this industry. Firms operating in the carbonated soft drink market in the UK, face tough competition from the rivals. Every soft drink organization should review its rivals products, analyse any potential new entrants in the market, understand the demand of substitute products, review the consumption pattern and demand amongst the buyers, and identify appropriate suppliers. Porters five force model is used to analyse the magnitude of competition. The intensity of competition within the industry is quite high, with regular advertising wars taking place; on the other hand, sales are increasing and the products are differentiated. There are high barriers to limit entry such as: the high capital required for production and distribution, increasingly advanced and specialised technology, lack of access to distribution, and strong consumer loyalty to recognised brands. A final, but very critical, point to bear in mind is that the forces themselves change over time. Sometimes in a predictable way, other times not. However, it is usually possible for the firms to have some influence over these changes. If no action is taken to counter the forces, it is extremely likely that the forces will grow stronger over time. Each firm needs to consider the actions that it could take to counter the forces, or position itself in such a way as not to face their full impact. For example, merging with a rival not only eliminates a competitor but also reduces the number of competitors in the market as a whole, something that can benefit all rivals by reducing competitive intensity. Threat of Rivalry: In the UKs soft drink industry, Irn Bru faces the greatest competition from its arch rival Coca-Cola and Britvic soft drinks (Appendix, X). Their presence all round the globe shows their potential strength, and demand in the consumer market. As can be seen from the table, Irn Bru has made constant strides in an upward direction by gaining market share. Manufacturers retail value brand shares in carbonates, 2006-08 2006 2007 2008 (est.) % change  £m %  £m %  £m % 2006-08 Coca-Cola GB, of which: 1,296 65 1,302 65 1,334 66 2.9 Coca-Cola 934 47 942 47 968 48 +3.6 Fanta 127 6 124 6 115 6 -9.4 Schweppes 96 5 102 5 111 6 +15.6 Dr Pepper 61 3 61 3 65 3 +6.6 Sprite 57 3 56 3 60 3 +5.3 Lilt 21 1 17 1 15 1 -28.6 Britvic Soft Drinks, of which: 277 14 280 14 305 15 +10.1 Pepsi 215 11 224 11 252 12 +17.2 7-Up 24 1 28 1 30 1 +25.0 Tango 38 2 28 1 23 1 -39.5 AG Barr Irn-Bru 82 4 86 4 91 5 +11.0 Other 96 5 94 5 88 4 -8.3 Own-label 239 12 235 12 200 10 -16.3 Total 1,990 100 1,997 100 2,018 100 +1.4 Source: Mintel, 2009 Loyalty towards brand names is another factor to measure brands performance. Brand loyalty in the soft drink market is another component which Irn Bru has to deal with from its rivals. Coca Cola and Pepsi are well established brand names all around the globe. Due to high brand awareness and product availability, they attain high market share. The presence of Irn Bru in the international market is very limited. Perhaps, due to its authenticity, it is famous in Scotland, and has struggled in other international markets (e.g. Russia, South Africa, Australia, America and Canada). The soft drink industry is mature, with nominal current growth and limited ability of firms to increase revenues at the pace they may have become accustomed to in the past. Of course, new markets, such as in Middle East or Southern Asia, may result in major new growth opportunities. The current makeup of the industry line-up leads to higher levels of competition. On one hand, key rivals offer different products, but similar in size, which increases competition. Differences in companies philosophies, cultures, and histories result in varied strengths and weaknesses, and lead to different strategies in pursuit of competitive advantage; the overall predictability of the industry development decreases and industry volatility increases. Irn Bru has a strong presence in the Scotland, due to the fact that it is the country of origin and a strong culture is associated with it. Threat of new entrant: Entry to the market, on a large scale, is difficult. The risk of new entrant in the soft drink industry is low. The presence of renowned brands like Coca-Cola and Pepsi, and their strong distribution channels in major grocers, public houses, and fast food outlets dominate the industry. Moreover, as the market is saturated, growth tends to be minimised. Such situations prevent new entrants from entering the market, and competing against strong brands. With high fixed cost attached i.e. labour, warehouse, logistics and economies of scale, it is difficult for new entrants to compete with established brands. Market saturation and high fixed costs, the levels of barriers are increased, and henceforth, entering into the UK soft drink market is difficult. Furthermore, because the products are have already acquired the impression of good experience, and reputation matters, very heavy advertising would be a necessity to gain a foothold as a brand producer. Entry as an own label producer might be possible, but it would demand a large scale operation to keep costs down and be as competitive as the existing large own-label producers. Even with the removal of trade barriers and generally greater harmonization within the European Union, major continental firms have appeared to be reluctant to plan a takeover on the UK market. There are at least several strong brands for every consumer segment currently in the carbonated soft drink industry. Consumers do have a choice, and many have developed brand loyalty. It would be difficult for new entrants to sufficiently differentiate their products and to build brand identity and loyalty. Threat of Substitute: There are number of substitute for carbonated soft drinks e.g. mineral water, fruit juice, energy drinks, tea, coffee etc. Water and sport drinks provide more variety that appeals to the consumers who seek the healthier options. However, carbonated soft drinks have gradually been gaining market share at their expense and this trend does not appear set to reverse. In addition, carbonated soft drinks have a particularly strong appeal to the youth market (10-25years), which is where most of the sales can be traced to. Overall, the threat appears relatively weak, especially to the core youth market. Power of suppliers: Soft drink industry suppliers do not hold a strong competitive pressure. There are usually several suppliers to choose from for any of the soft drink components; therefore, the rivalry between suppliers is high, and companies have many options, including manufacturing components themselves, which some of them still do. Again, relatively weak pressure exists, with the exception of sugar producers and plastic suppliers. The work force is not highly organised, nor is it militant. Power of Buyers: The large numbers of consumers willing to purchase a bottle of carbonated soft drink mean that the actions of a single consumer will not have a notable effect on a companys performance. At the same time, however, these consumers face low switching costs and have varied degrees of brand loyalty, which requires companies to spend significant resources on capturing and retaining that individual consumer. Over 65% of sales are sold through multiple grocers. The top five grocery chains account for nearly 70% of all grocery sales and are thus in a strong bargaining position. Some 8% of sales are through fast food restaurants, and 6% sales are through public houses. (Mintel, 2009) The remainder of sales are relatively weak buyers, including off-licences, confectionaries, newsagents and restaurants. Soft drink manufacturing companies distribute the products to these stores so that they can be sold to the consumers. The top grocers buy soft drinks in bulk, as it allows them to purchase goods at a cheaper price. The strongest pressures come from the power of buyers and the fairly intense non-price competition within the industry. Nevertheless, overall the industry seems to be in a fairly healthy position: the leading firms are very profitable and industry growth is expected to be steady around 8% over the period 2007-9. Cola, as a product, appears to be reaching maturity, but other segments offer prospects of development and growth. This plays to an advantage in the hand of Irn Bru, as the product offered is completely contrary to the Colas. At the same time, the firms are actively competing on quality and bringing new products to market, as well as being innovative in terms of reducing costs by investing in new technology and machinery, developing new forms of packaging and offering better distribution services. The danger is that the firms may not be able to sustain the route to growth and instead may seek growth through techniques such as undercutting rivals prices in a market share game. In this situation, profits are likely to deteriorate rapidly if destructive head-to-head price competition becomes the main competitive instrument. 2.3.3.2 The Brand Positioning Concept: According to Kotler (1997), Positioning is the act of designing the companys offering and image so that they occupy a meaningful and distinct competitive position in the target customers minds. The positioning of a brand is not about the quality which products provide, but it is what consumer thinks about the brand. For positioning, it is important how a consumer perceives the product rather than its physical nature. According to King (1991; cited in Fill 1999), advancements in technological fields have allowed products to offer similar functional and physical appearance, where consumers choices and decision will be based on the brand name. Henceforth, positioning origination as a brand will evoke actual and potential customers. According to McCormack (1984, cited in Olsson 2004), positioning is a factor which determines what consumers are actually purchasing while buying any product or service; and subsequently communicating related imitations and inspirations to the buyer. An organ ization should primarily evaluate and identify where they stand in the market spectrum and then position it accordingly. 2.3.3.3 Branding from Consumers Perspective: A brand provides not only a source of information, but also performs certain other functions which justify its attractiveness and its monetary return, when they are valued by buyers. According to (Kapferer, 2008), there are eight main functions (Appendix 4), Identification and practicality are mechanical and concern the essence of the brand i.e. to function as a rec

Women and the American Revolution Essay -- Essays on American Revoluti

Women generally did not fight in the revolution, and the traditional status of Eighteenth Century women meant that they were not publicly able to participate fully in the debates over the revolution. However, in their own sphere, and sometimes out of it, woman participated fully in the revolution in all the ways that their status and custom allowed. As the public debate over the Townshend Acts grew more virulent, women showed their support for the cause of freedom by engaging in certain "feminine" pursuits. A common practice was to publicly ban English imports, especially tea, from their homes. Creating homespun, that is, the tedious creation of homemade fabric from spinning and weaving their own cloth, was another public way of showing support for the cause of freedom. During the American Revolution, many women were directly affected by the fighting since their father or brothers or husband or sons were off fighting. This meant that the women often had to take full responsibility for the family farm or business. More and more women became "deputy husbands" and represented the family in legal or commercial transactions. In some instances, as the fighting came close to their lands, women even had to take up arms to defend their person or property when the occasion demanded. Several women in Groton, Massachussetts, put on their husbands' clothing, armed themselves with muskets and pitchforks and defended the Nashua River Bridge. They captured a notoriou...

A Study on the Students Parking Facilities at UITM Shah Alam

TITLE : A STUDY ON THE STUDENTS PARKING FACILITIES PROVIDED BY UITM SHAH ALAM Problem Statement Recently UiTM has provided parking spaces for students at certain lots such as at the marching field (padang kawad), parking zone in front of the Faculty of Engineering and Mawar lot area. Yet, the students don’t make full use of the parking instead, they park at the restricted area such staff parking, visitor, faculty area which makes the situation crowded. Research Objectives 1. To identify the preferences of the students park at the restricted area. 2. To explore whether the parking provided by UiTM is insufficient. . To explain the attitudes and behaviours of the students that park at the restricted area. Research Questions 1. What makes them prefer to park at the restricted area? 2. Does UiTM provides sufficient and convenient parking area at every faculty? 3. Why the students still disobey the rules even though they knew they are restricted or had been summoned? Scope of the s tudies This will be the students who have their own transportation in UiTM Shah Alam. We prefer to use students from Faculty of Communication and Media studies since they have the limited space parking area in a result making the situation crowded. This will be an advantage for us to understand easier why the issue is happening. Plus, the students here are much open minded and out-spoken whenever we talk to them. Methodology 1. Location of the study. The location we’re studying is in UiTM, Shah Alam. We’ll be specifically more to Faculty of Comm and Media studies because the spaces are limited and small for parking areas. It’s a perfect area to study on. 2. Population and Sampling Procedures The population will be among the UiTM Shah Alam students while the samplings will be the Comm and Media studies students. Compared to other students, Mass Comm students are much more responsive. We will give to twenty respondents of MassComm student to get the result. 3. Data Collective Method After we got the result, we will collect them and use SPSS system to make our research more convenient and systematic. We will do in percentage to get better findings. Questionnaire Part A ( Respondent Profile) 1. Gender :MaleFemale 2. Race : MalayBumiputra 3. Religion : IslamBuddhaHinduChristianOthers ________________ 4. Sequence : MC221MC222MC223 MC224MC225MC226 MC227MC226 5. Semester :123 4 5 Part B (preferences of the students’ park at the restricted area) 6. Do you think that parking space are enough for students? Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree 7. As a student, do you agree to park at Padang Kawad and wait for the bus to go the class? Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree 8. Do you agree that UiTM should provide more space near to the faculty? Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Part C (parking provided by UiTM is insufficient) Reference : 1 – poor2 – fair3 – good 4 – very good5 – excellent |9. How do you think of the parking that provided by UiTM? |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |10. How convenient the parking facilities at UiTM? |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |11. How they manage location of the parking area? |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | Part D (The attitudes and behaviours of the students) 12. The reason of most of Mass Comm students to park near Faculty is because it is easy to them to go to class. Do you agree? Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree 13. Do you agree that most of the Mass Comm students disobey rules made by UiTM that are restricted to park at the staff parking lots? Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree 14. Do you agree that students who gets summon from UiTM will change their attitudes? Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree

How To Say By the Way in Spanish

How To Say By the Way in Spanish Spanish has two common ways of introducing an afterthought, unrelated comment or offhand remark, ways that are typically translated as by the way or incidentally in English. The expressions used are a propà ³sito and por cierto, with the former being somewhat more formal. Here are some examples of their usage: Por cierto,  ¿no ests descargando mà ºsica ilegalmente? (By the way, are you downloading music illegally?) Por cierto, la valla fronteriza fue construida por Estados Unidos. (By the way, the border fence was built by the United States.) Por cierto, vamos a preparar algo para septiembre. (By the way, well be getting something ready for September.) Por cierto, la lente del telà ©fono est compuesta por cinco elementos. (Incidentally, the lens in the phone is made up of five elements.) A propà ³sito, quiero hacer una fiesta este fin de semana. By the way, I want to put together a party this weekend. A propà ³sito, la ciudad est a menos de 40 kilà ³metros de la frontera. (By the way, the city is less than 40 kilometers from the border.) A propà ³sito, tenemos ms de 40.000 alumnos. (Incidentally, we have more than 40,000 students.) Note that por cierto does not mean certainly, as you might expect. As a noun in other usages, cierto often expresses certainty. In some contexts, a propà ³sito can also mean on purpose or deliberately. (As a noun, propà ³sito typically means intention or purpose.) When used in that way, a propà ³sito typically comes after the verb instead of at the beginning of a sentence. Example: Determinaron que no fue a propà ³sito. (They determined it was not done deliberately.) A propà ³sito de also can be a way of saying with respect to, concerning or something similar. Example: Recordà © una historia que Mam me contaba a propà ³sito de mi padre. (I remembered a story Mom would tell me about my father.) Downgrading Closely related to the introduction of afterthoughts is that of minimizing or downplaying the importance of what follows. In English, this might be done using anyway, such as in Anyway, we found a restaurant that wasnt closed. Such minimizations are more common in speech than they are in writing. In Spanish, common phrases of downplaying include de todas formas, de todas maneras and de todos modos. They can be translated in a variety of ways, as these examples show: De todas formas, no me molesta que tienes muchos amigos. (In any case, it doesnt bother me that you have a lot of friends.) De todas maneras los escdalos financieros generan un impacto reputacional. Anyway, the financial scandals are having an impact on reputation. De todos modos, le gustarà ­a volver a tener su propia casa. (In any event, she would like to return to her own home.) All three of these Spanish phrases can be used interchangeably with no significant changes of meaning, much like the English phrases used above. Especially in speech, it is also common to use words such as nada and/or bueno something like  filler words for a similar effect: Bueno nada, queria compartir con ustedes mi tatuaje. (Anyway, I want to share my tattoo with you.) Bueno, quizs podamos  hacer una excepcià ³n. (OK then, maybe we can make an exception.)

Alpha Behn Biography and Works

Alpha Behn Biography and Works Alpha Behn is one of the first English Professionals female writers. Others famed writers include Eliza Haywood and Delavierier Manley among others. Behn was born in England in sixteen forty to Bartholomew Johnson and Elizabeth Denham. His parents lived in Canterbury.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Alpha Behn Biography and Works specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The father was a barber while her mother worked as a family nurse to the Colepeper family. Behn grew to become a creative and intellectual writer of poems, plays, and novels among other works (Todd 8). This was during the English revolution before her death in sixteen eighty-nine when she was forty-eight years of age. Her authorship was professional because it earned her a living. This paper seeks to unravel and explore her life, work achievements, difficult moments, and her demise. Following the information given by Thomas Colepeper, the youngest so n of the Colepeper family, who referred to Behn as a foster sister, it is very possible that she grew up in this family. The Colepeper’s were well to do. Alpha Behn while in her mid twenties, is said to gone on a journey to Venezuela that was later renamed Suriname. This journey introduced her to her writing profession later in life. As much the details indicating the reason why she traveled are not documented, the fact that the journey did take place has been documented (Hobby 79). This journey at the same time through her early works gave awareness and enlightened the British people of the sufferings that the slaves went through in the hands of their masters. This trip led Behn to an encounter with an African man who happened to be a slave leader. The experience was the story behind her famous book, Oroonoko, a story of a royal slave and his tragic love, published in sixteen eighty-eight in London. The African man was a slave leader who turned out to become the leader of th e slaves’ rebellion against the slave masters in Suriname along the Suriname River. The ending was so bloody because the masters administered brutal, unsophisticated, unrestrained, and least to say uncouth punishment to him. There is particular evidence from the articles documented by other scholars alongside her own writings, which lead to the conclusion that Alpha Behn was a Catholic. One of her plays, The Rover II, that she wrote in two parts, part one coming out in sixteen seventy seven and part two that was published in seventeen eighty one were dedicated to the exiled Catholic Duke of York.Advertising Looking for research paper on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Behn’s relations with Catholics, especially Henry Neville who was detained, did create restlessness among the opponents of Catholic. This occurred in the late seventeen century and summarily she was quoted to have harbo red the ambitions of becoming a Catholic nun in her teenage age. This would point to the fact that she was a Catholic, had close association with Catholics, or empathized with them during the anti-catholic ardency. Behn was known to be a staunch defender of what she believed in. Whether it was her stand on political ideologies to duties assigned to her, she executed them with passion. Following on her association with matters that related to Catholic, we can decisively conclude that she was a Catholic. Alpha Behn was also very political. On many occasions, she put to use her profession to make her loyalty to the Tories be known. She wrote pamphlets, articles and plays to express her dislike for the parliament, which she accused of tying down the hands of King Charles II by refusing to apportion funds as, asked for expenditure. The parliament Whigs had risen from the Great Revolution of sixteen eighty-eight to become the citizens guards. They went on to demand Constitutional monarchi sm that Behn opposed. It was sad that in the year of revolution itself, Behn was ill. It is suspected that following her own description of her condition, she suffered from rheumatoid arthritis. Behn had described her hands as being distortured. Behn believed in the King ruling with divine right and power. She vehemently opposed revolution and wrote articles that maligned its proponents while at the same agitating for a restored monarchy. Behn’s allegiance to the Royalty is said to have started in sixteen sixty-six, when through the brokerage of the Colepeper’s connections she was employed to the Court as a political espionage to Antwerp, Netherlands by King Charles II. This job came barely two years since her return to England, where her marriage of less than two years to Johan Behn had been cut short following the demise of her husband. In her role as a spy, Behn played a pivotal role during the second Anglo-Dutch war of sixteen sixty-five fought between England and Netherlands. Operating under the secrete code of Astrea, her main responsibility was to develop a close working relationship with William Scott another emissary whose father had been executed in sixteen sixty, and now had offered his services to the King. Besides this duty, Behn was charged with the responsibility of investigating and submitting intelligence reports about the British citizens who were in exile and any conspiracy they had against the King.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Alpha Behn Biography and Works specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This job was demanding however, Behn was never paid. The King did not show the urgency to settle her dues. Behn had to survive on borrowing in order to even travel back home. She tried in vain for a whole year to petition the King for her payment. When it all failed, she landed in the debtors’ jail for failing to settle her debts. The one-year long plea h ad not born any fruits. It is documented that she was released from jail in the year sixteen sixty-nine after people or someone who is not mentioned settled her debts. This person may have been one of her sympathizers or least to say a Good Samaritan. It surprising that she did not mentioned the person in any of her many plays, poems, or books she authored (Derek 19). Alpha Behn had learnt her lessons the hard way. This however, did not change her loyalty to the monarchy leadership. After she left prison, it was time for Behn to take a new dimension in life, she turned to professional writing. In sixteen seventy, Behn began writing for payment a year after her release from prison. She took of by establishing cordial relations with the then playwrights. They gave insights into the new field she wanted to venture. The same year her first play, Forced Marriage, was performed. The play was a hit and become a financial success, perhaps the best encouragement for a beginner. The Duke†™s company performed the play Behn’s writings cut across the literature genre. She wrote plays, novels, poems, and pamphlets among others. Some of her famous works included Oroonoko, published a year before she passed on, The Rover II, a play she dedicated to the exiled Catholic Duke of York. It became her most successful play that is appreciated to date. Its popularity attracted among others the King’s mistress, Nell Gwyn, who acted the role of Angelica Bianca, performing as a prostitute. James II, The Duke of York is said to have had a strong liking for the same. The Dutch lover, Love-Letters between a Nobleman and His Sister were some of her plays alongside The Lover’s Watch or The Art of Making Love; this was a poem and the History of the nun, or the Fair Vow-Breaker among many more. The Feigned Courtesans was dedicated to Nell Gwyn for her role in the Rover II..Most of Behn’s work were translated into many other international languages most notably French. Such works include Oroonoko, and A Discovery of New Worlds both of them were novels.Advertising Looking for research paper on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Alpha Behn’s professional road was not as rosy as it may appear. She was accused of lacking moral restraints. Alexander Pope for example for instance wondered why a playwright would justly put all characters in her work to bed. Her accusers capitalized on her relationship with Earl of Rochester, who infamous for his promiscuity. Having realized success in a male dominated industry, Behn suffered from the then stereotype that all female actors were whores. Robert Gould in sixteen eighty-three asserts women in the acting industry were definitely members of the oldest profession in the world (Colimore 56) Her play Like Father like Son never made it even to the printing room. Behn turned to the other genres of literature after the rise United Company, that was a merger of her production company Duke’s and the Kings Company. The income from plays had dipped. We can conclude that Alpha Behn had a successful writing career, which fought through a hard male dominated industry and never despaired. Though mortal too, she was really the mother of professional female playwrights. Colimore, Jeff. Reconstructing Alpha: A social biography of Alpha Behn. New York: Palgrave, 1980. Print. Derek, Hughes. The Theatre of Alpha Behn, New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2001. Print. Hobby, Elaine. Virtue of necessity: An English woman’s writing 1649-88. Michigan: University of Michigan, 1989. Print. Todd, Janet. The Critical Fortunes of Alpha Behn by 1998. Washington: Colombia Camden House. Print.

The Role of IBM in the History of Computers

The Role of IBM in the History of Computers This chapter in the History of Modern Computers finally brings us to a famous name most of you will have heard of. IBM stands for International Business Machines, the largest computer company in the world today. IBM has been responsible for numerous inventions having to do with computers. IBM - Background The company incorporated in 1911, starting as a major producer of punch card tabulating machines. During the 1930s, IBM built a series of calculators (the 600s) based on their punch-card processing equipment. In 1944, IBM co-funded the Mark 1 computer together with Harvard University, the Mark 1 was the first machine to compute long calculations automatically. The IBM 701 - General Purpose Computer The year 1953 saw the development of IBMs 701 EDPM, which, according to IBM, was the first commercially successful general-purpose computer. The 701s invention was due in part to the Korean War effort. Inventor, Thomas Johnson Watson Junior wanted to contribute what he called a defense calculator to aid in the United Nations policing of Korea. One obstacle he had to overcome was in convincing his father, Thomas Johnson Watson Senior (IBMs CEO) that the new computer would not harm IBMs profitable punch card processing business. The 701s were incompatible with IBMs punched card processing equipment, a big moneymaker for IBM. Only nineteen 701s were manufactured (the machine could be rented for $15,000 per month). The first 701 went to IBMs world headquarters in New York. Three went to atomic research laboratories. Eight went to aircraft companies. Three went to other research facilities. Two went to government agencies, including the first use of a computer by the United States Department of Defense. Two went to the navy and the last machine went to the United States Weather Bureau in early 1955. Features of the 701 The 1953 built 701 had electrostatic storage tube memory, used magnetic tape to store information, and had binary, fixed-point, single address hardware. The speed of the 701 computers was limited by the speed of its memory; the processing units in the machines were about 10 times faster than the core memory. The 701 also led to the development of the programming language FORTRAN. The IBM 704 In 1956, a significant upgrade to the 701 appeared. The IBM 704 was considered an early supercomputer and the first machine to incorporate floating-point hardware. The 704 used magnetic core memory that was faster and more reliable than the magnetic drum storage found in the 701. The IBM 7090 Also part of the 700 series, the IBM 7090 was the first commercial transistorized computer. Built in 1960, the 7090 computer was the fastest computer in the world. IBM dominated the mainframe and minicomputer market for the next two decades with its 700 series. The IBM 650 After releasing the 700 series, IBM built the 650 EDPM, a computer compatible with its earlier 600 calculator series. The 650 used the same card processing peripherals as the earlier calculators, starting the trend for loyal customers to upgrade. The 650s were IBMs first mass-produced computers (universities were offered a 60% discount). The IBM PC In 1981, IBM created its first personal home-use computer called the IBM PC, another milestone in computer history.

Is Company Sponsorship in the University a Boon or Evil Coursework

Is Company Sponsorship in the University a Boon or Evil - Coursework Example When the sponsoring company controls the curriculum in the university, they put into the design the long experience they have gathered from the field of their expertise. They could contribute practical insights relevant to the study needed by the student and is proven to be practical guides. Furthermore, they can give inputs as to what kind of studies and researches are really needed by the industries that could contribute to the sciences. It becomes advantageous to students in the sense that they are assured that the knowledge they are getting comes from the rightful authorities whom they could use as sources of information for their study. In terms of employment, students from this particular university have an edge over other employees because they have practically mastered the skills needed by the industry that designed the program.Let us take the example of McDonald's that will be sponsoring Health Sciences.   McDonald's could probably be interested in the field of Health Scie nce because of its program on nutrition, diet, and fitness. Taking control of the curriculum on Health Science by McDonald would lead to the development of the design of researches for the improvement of Nutrition, diet, and fitness which are part of Health Science study. It is advantageous for students because they are practically putting in efforts and contributing to the wealth of information that could benefit the wellbeing of man.   The partnership assures McDonald's of the continuous research on the field that could be useful in their business in the long run.

Does the Law of Defamation Strike a Fair Balance Between the Essay

Does the Law of Defamation Strike a Fair Balance Between the Protection of Reputation and Freedom of Expression - Essay Example The public naturally looks to the media to provide this information. The law of defamation has a greater impact than any other area of the law, on what and how this information is reported to the public. The law of defamation holds the publisher of information responsible for the accuracy of the information revealed. In the absence of the law of defamation, reputations would be harmed without remedies. However, the law of defamation must be framed so as to allow freedom of expression so that information released to the public has substance.2 It is therefore necessary that fair balance is struck between the protection of reputations and freedom of expression to allow for the free and fair exchange of information necessary in a democratic environment. In the UK, freedom of expression is a fundamental human right and although reputation is not a specific fundamental human right, it is connected to the right to privacy which is a fundamental human right.3 The right to privacy and freedom of expression are both provided for by the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and are applicable in the UK by virtue of the Human Rights Act 1988.4 There are tensions between the right to privacy and freedom of expression. ... formation in England and Wales and identifies the extent to which the law of defamation attempts to strike a fair balance between the protection of reputation and freedom of expression. It is argued that while there is a recognized need to strike a fair balance between protection of reputational interests and freedom of expression, the historical preference for protection the reputation prevails although in more recent times there appears to be a shift away from this preference. In this regard, this research study is divided into three main parts. The first part of this paper presents a review of literature in which previous studies on the tensions between the law of defamation emphasizing protection of the reputation and freedom of expression are presented. The second part of this paper will analyse the relevant cases. The third part of his paper will present an analysis of the material discussed in the previous two parts of the paper. II. A Review of Literature In a study conducted by Smet of the ECtHR’s decisions on cases involving protection of the reputation and freedom of expression, it was revealed that momentum has been building in the ECtHR jurisprudence recognizing a conflict between the two rights. In order to resolve this tension the ECtHR has used what has been referred to by Smet as an â€Å"impact criterion†.6 The impact criterion refers to an approach in which the court considers: ...the extent to which both rights would be impaired by allowing the opposing right to take preference. 7 With respect to defamation cases, the ECtHR is particularly appreciative of the important role that the press plays as a conduit for public information at its â€Å"contribution to ensuring the proper functioning of a democracy†.  

Supreme Court Justice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supreme Court Justice - Term Paper Example Records of the Supreme Court lists her as the fourth female justice to have served in that capacity and one hundred and twelfth overall judge among all the judges that have served in the supreme court since its establishment (O’Connor, 2004). Kagan was appointed to the position to succeed an outgoing justice Paul Stevens. Sworn in by the leader of the court, Chief justice John Roberts, Kagan officially began her term on the seventh day of August in the year 2010 after confirmation by the Senate. In reference to her earlier academic and legal career, she has served as a legal clerk for justice Thurgood of the American Supreme Court and also for Judge Abner formerly of the United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia circuit in the Year 1987. In the year 1991, she worked as an assistant Professor in the department of Legal studies at the University of Chicago. She graduated to the level of an associate professor of law in the year 1995. Her first publication on law was a n article review on law titled† The first Amendment hate speech†. This article mainly analyzed the consequences of the motive in government regulation of speech. She also reviewed Stephens Carter’s book in relation to judicial confirmation process (O’Connor, 2004). ... She replaced James Buckley in the United States court of appeal district Of Columbia circuit after being nominated by President Clinton to the position (Holzer, 2012). After her stint at the white house, Kagan went back to academic roles once again serving as the dean in the department of law at the University of New Mexico. She is also credited to having transformed Harvard law school from a hostile student environment to student centered environment. At the beginning of President Obama’s regime, he made an announcement that he was going to nominate Kagan to the position of the solicitor general despite the fact that she had no prior records of having argued any case before the court. In the year 2009, the senate confirmed her nomination making her the first woman to hold that position in the history of the United States. In September the same year she made her first ever appearance before the Supreme Court. However, contentions arose in regard to the arguments she advanced i n her capacity as the solicitor general. Cato institute and the first amendment centre disputed her arguments. Her nomination to the Supreme Court was a subject of great interest even before the election of President Obama to office. The media was rife with speculation of her potential nomination if a democrat president carried the day in the elections. This was because of her position as the Solicitor general which was seen to serve as a great leverage (Toobin, 2008). However, this was not to be as Obama had nominated Sonia Sotomayor to the Supreme Court. Following the announcement of Justice Paul Stevens on his intentions to retire, speculations emerged once again on the possibility of Kagan nomination to the Supreme Court. Kagan’s

Branding of a City in the 21st Century Coursework

Branding of a City in the 21st Century - Coursework Example The results of analysing the case studies have provided great examples of revealing the elements that interprets in consumer's mind from different perspectives. Such that, branding is measured in aspects of tangible and intangible forces as far as the image of the city is concerned. Most importantly, the paper has examined that brand value of a city can only be studied through identifying the psychological way that influences the decision making process, and the overall elements required for branding a city such as the emerging importance of societies. Moreover, the investigation of branding elements are recommended by the author for further study in order to thoroughly analyse how these elements are incorporated in cities nowadays. Also, examination on competition between cities may provide a vital role of continuing the study in the future. Marketing is an arena where the basic norm is to promote visibility. Visibility, in turn, depends on positioning which again depends on branding and the equity commanded by the same. This research paper focuses on the elements that go into branding a city so as to understand the importance of branding a city in the 21st Century. Globalisation has had far reaching effects on the way cities are perceived. In this age of increased information and access, it has become imperative to present cities as brands, not just organisations or celebrities. This has prompted cities the world over to study and implement strategies that will accentuate brand equity as this is the greatest indicator of, and the base for, the calculation of returns on investment in terms of having a definite character of each city that makes it a distinct brand. While the consumer's awareness of a brand, and the reasons for choosing an

Comm219 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comm219 - Essay Example This is because it discusses issues dealing with leadership in indigenous societies, as well as marginalization of women in the leadership institutions. Overall, the magazine targets the entire population of British Colombia. This magazine presents distinctive articles because, for every story, there is an independent either cultural or political analysis depending on the topic. Additionally, it allows aggressive discussion by the readers with every story, which gives a platform for readers to evaluate and analyze the story based on their opinions and perceptions. For the sake of user interaction, the magazine is structured into several sections that allow easy and quick access to information that the reader may be looking for. For example, it is divided into news, culture, opinion, mediacheck, national, and solutions. So if a reader wants stories concerning solutions to societal challenges such as environment, one just clicks on solutions and select a story. Further, the magazine has created a platform for comments where readers can give their opinion on every story. Finally, the stories are accompanied with pictures for better understanding and interaction. The story I choose is titled For Kids, the Meal Is the Message. This story is remarkable because of the reaction it ignites from the audience, as well the presentation that uses humor to bring out reality and serious issue, which makes it interesting to read. Apart from the use of illustrations, the story refers to several sources and data to support the author’s argument, and this is what I would like to emulate in my writing. Another aspect is that the story addresses a specific audience while educating, informing, and giving solutions at the same

Interviews and Reflection Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interviews and Reflection Report - Essay Example I aimed to understand the perception and awareness of people about the different forms of mental illness that exists in today’s society and how most people think about handling people with psychological problems. Before the interview was conducted I hypothesized that most people will have some form of knowledge about mental illnesses and at least 80% will be able to name three different types of mental illnesses where depression might be the most common. I expected that most people will understand that not all patients are a threat to society and that through proper counselling and clinical therapies, people with mental illnesses can recover and lead a normal life as well. Furthermore, I expected a very average result when it came to people knowing where to seek help in order to help a mentally ill person they knew. After I had conducted the interview, the results were a bit different than what I had expected. Most people knew about mental illnesses and 100% of the people were able to name mental problems. However, contrary to my expectation, alcoholism and drug addiction were the most popularly known addiction problems. This may be because of the increases awareness programme that works with addiction problems. Also, most people were shocked when they heard that 1 in 5 people were mentally ill and 90% of the subjects said they did not know that mental illness was a huge problem. 80% of the subjects believed that mentally ill people were a challenge to society and needed proper asylums and rehabilitation centres to help they recover. Most importantly, only 1 of my subject was able to name 2 organizations that worked for mentally ill people. The results indicate that even though most people of different age groups were aware of mental problems there was widespread lack of sensitization among the people especially among the middle aged people. However, people did not know that mental problems were so widespread. The results also highlighted the fact that most

Branding of a City in the 21st Century Coursework

Branding of a City in the 21st Century - Coursework Example The results of analysing the case studies have provided great examples of revealing the elements that interprets in consumer's mind from different perspectives. Such that, branding is measured in aspects of tangible and intangible forces as far as the image of the city is concerned. Most importantly, the paper has examined that brand value of a city can only be studied through identifying the psychological way that influences the decision making process, and the overall elements required for branding a city such as the emerging importance of societies. Moreover, the investigation of branding elements are recommended by the author for further study in order to thoroughly analyse how these elements are incorporated in cities nowadays. Also, examination on competition between cities may provide a vital role of continuing the study in the future. Marketing is an arena where the basic norm is to promote visibility. Visibility, in turn, depends on positioning which again depends on branding and the equity commanded by the same. This research paper focuses on the elements that go into branding a city so as to understand the importance of branding a city in the 21st Century. Globalisation has had far reaching effects on the way cities are perceived. In this age of increased information and access, it has become imperative to present cities as brands, not just organisations or celebrities. This has prompted cities the world over to study and implement strategies that will accentuate brand equity as this is the greatest indicator of, and the base for, the calculation of returns on investment in terms of having a definite character of each city that makes it a distinct brand. While the consumer's awareness of a brand, and the reasons for choosing an

Interviews and Reflection Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interviews and Reflection Report - Essay Example I aimed to understand the perception and awareness of people about the different forms of mental illness that exists in today’s society and how most people think about handling people with psychological problems. Before the interview was conducted I hypothesized that most people will have some form of knowledge about mental illnesses and at least 80% will be able to name three different types of mental illnesses where depression might be the most common. I expected that most people will understand that not all patients are a threat to society and that through proper counselling and clinical therapies, people with mental illnesses can recover and lead a normal life as well. Furthermore, I expected a very average result when it came to people knowing where to seek help in order to help a mentally ill person they knew. After I had conducted the interview, the results were a bit different than what I had expected. Most people knew about mental illnesses and 100% of the people were able to name mental problems. However, contrary to my expectation, alcoholism and drug addiction were the most popularly known addiction problems. This may be because of the increases awareness programme that works with addiction problems. Also, most people were shocked when they heard that 1 in 5 people were mentally ill and 90% of the subjects said they did not know that mental illness was a huge problem. 80% of the subjects believed that mentally ill people were a challenge to society and needed proper asylums and rehabilitation centres to help they recover. Most importantly, only 1 of my subject was able to name 2 organizations that worked for mentally ill people. The results indicate that even though most people of different age groups were aware of mental problems there was widespread lack of sensitization among the people especially among the middle aged people. However, people did not know that mental problems were so widespread. The results also highlighted the fact that most

Applications of Information Technology Essay Example for Free

Applications of Information Technology Essay Driving force in educational reform Students have many opportunities to learn the basic computer skills to facilitate their learning. Multimedia learning centre (MMLC) in secondary school Classroom with a projector 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT at Home ? Smart home technology ?Allows people to control household and other domestic appliances over the Internet ? Personal computer ?Has become a necessity for many households 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT at Home ? Personal computer Uses of personal computer 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT at Home ? Home office ?Refers to a small computerized office setup at home ?Self-employed persons can work at home and communicate with others through the Internet. Clients Self-employed person Colleagues 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Public Places ? Information kiosk ?Provides information on nearby facilities in public places ? Electronic Money ?Can be used for petty cash payments ?Example: Octopus Octopus Kiosks 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Public Places Internet access service ?It is provided in various public places. ?The public can obtain information from the Internet more conveniently. Internet access service in public area 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Business ? Office automation ?Office automation helps office workers improve working efficiency productivity, data security and communications with others An automated office 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Business ? Intranet ?A private and small-scale Internet of an organization ?Helps improve workflow and enables efficient collaboration and  communication. Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Business ? E-commerce ?Refers to commercial activities carried out in an electronic network ?The Internet is now the most popular way to conduct e-commerce. e-bay, a popular online auction site 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Business ? E-commerce We can also purchase groceries online (http://www. wellcome. com. hk) We can book tickets online (http://www. cityline. com. hk) Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Government ? Information technology has become an  important means of providing government services. ? Under the ‘2004 Digital 21 Strategy’, the Hong Kong SAR government has committed to developing e-government. 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Government ? Electronic Service Delivery ?A web site that provides a wide range of government information and services ?The services include, application for government job vacancies payment of government bills purchasing books making appointments for The use of public services 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Government ? Employers concerned about exposing of company confidentials More difficult for employers to monitor work progress 1. 2 Information Technology and the Information Age ? Digital Divide ? Describes the growing gap between those people who can access and make effective use of IT and those who cannot ? Separate people into two groups ?Internet users ?Non-Internet users.

Vapour Pressure as a Function of Temperature of Ether

Vapour Pressure as a Function of Temperature of Ether Xin Wang Title To measure the enthalpy of vaporization and the boiling point of diethyl ether by cooling the ether down and continuously recording a series of different temperature readings and their corresponding vapour pressure values. Abstract Vapour pressure p of ether under a series of different temperatures T were measured and three repeats were done. The three graphs of ln(p) against 1/T were plotted, all of them showed a nice linear relationship between ln(p) and 1/T . Then the gradient which was equal to à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/R was used, and hence the average value of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap of three repeats was decided as the final result . The boiling point was calculated by using à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap and the final value used of constant C was also the mean of three repeats’ constants obtained. Error analysis and improvements both focused on the leaking of apparatus and the validities of measurements obtained. Introduction Thermodynamics is a very important part of chemistry and chemical studies. It involves many studies about energy such as the transfer of energy and the conservation of energy. For this experiment which is to study the vapor pressure as a function of temperature, the thermodynamic part which should be focused on is that a system would tends to make its Gibbs Free Energy which is the energy free to do work minimum at a constant temperature and pressure. In this experiment, a single and pure compound is used and the study is about the equilibrium between its liquid phase and its gaseous phase at a constant pressure and temperature. If the pure compound liquid is placed inside a closed container, under different temperature and different pressure, there will always be a equilibrium between the liquid phase and gaseous phase. This thermodynamic equilibrium will be at different position due to the temperature and pressure Therefore, the region of the temperature and pressure where the compound changes from liquid to gases or reversibly has been defined as phase boundaries, which can be found in a graph of pressure against temperature. To be more specific, the temperature is the temperature of the system, but the pressure mentioned is the vapour pressure. The vapour pressure is defined as the pressure of the vapour which is in equilibrium with its liquid in the closed container, and it does vary with the temperature. According to the second law of thermodynamics which indicates â€Å"At equilibrium, the chemical potential of a substance is the same throughout a sample, regardless of how many phases are present.† [1] , a equation for the two chemical potentials of two phases can be obtained, which shows the chemical potential of the liquid is equal to the chemical potential of the gases in equilibrium in the closed container. To make this simpler, the chemical potential â€Å" µÃ¢â‚¬  which is the molar Gibbs free energy [1] is introduced. Therefore, at a constant pressure and temperature,  µ is equal to the first derivative of G with respect to n, where G is the Gibbs free energy and n is the number of moles. As phase boundary is represented by the line which separates the liquid phase region and gaseous phase region in a graph of vapour pressure against temperature, therefore the gradient of the phase boundary which is written as dp/dT can be considered. In the closed container, the overall chemical potential of the system is always constant by considering conservation of energy. Therefore, the change in  µ of liquid phase should always be equal to the change in  µ of gaseous phase when temperature and pressure change, which can be expressed as d µ(liquid) = d µ(gases)[1]. The fundamental equation â€Å"dU = TdS PdV† [2] can be used to derive another equation of d µ. Because of H = U + pV [3], therefore dH = dU + d(pV) = dU + pdV + Vdp is derived. As known, G = H -TS and then dG = dH d(TS) = dH TdS SdT is obtained. By combining the two derived equations and the fundamental equation mentioned above, dG = -SdT + Vdp can then be obtained finally. Due to the definition of  µ, equation d µ = -SdT + Vdp can be derived. If d µ = -SdT + Vdp is substituted into d µ(liquid) = d µ(gases), [V(gases) V(liquid)]dp = [S(gases) S(liquid)]dT can be derived. Therefore, dp/dT = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S/à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²T where à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S is defined as the the entropy of phase transition which can be equal to S(gases) S(liquid) and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²T is defined as the volumes of phase transition which can be equal to V(gases) V(liquid). Due to the perfect gas law which is pV = nTR, where R is the gas constant which is equal to 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 and T is the temperature in kelvins. For  µ which is molar, therefore n = 1 and then pV = RT, so V = RT/p is obtained for gases. The assumption that à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²V = V(gases) V(liquid) ≈ V(gases) [2] can be made as the volume of liquid in the closed system is much smaller than the volume of gases, and hence à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²V = RT/p can be derived. For à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S, as à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = Tà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S can be derived due to the equilibrium, so à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap /T is then derived. By substituting the two new equations for à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²T into dp/dT = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S/à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²T, dp/dT = pà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap /RT2 can be obtained. Then do the integration for the equation dp/dT = pà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap /RT2 , ln(p) = -à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RT + C can be derived, where C is a constant. For the equation ln(p) = -à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RT + C, a graph of ln(p) against 1/T can be plotted to find à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap which is the enthalpy of vaporization can obtained from the gradient of the graph due to the linear relationship between ln(p) and 1/T. Therefore, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = -gradient Ãâ€" R To use the equation to find the boiling point of the compound used, due to the definition of boiling point, just substitute pressure = 1 atmosphere ≈ 1 bar into the equation to find the corresponding T which is therefore the boiling point. Therefore, ln(1) = 0 = -à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RTboil + C, and hence Tboil = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RC can be used for calculation. Equipment Methylated spirits, cardice, ether(diethyl ether), tweezers, a large dewar flask, a smaller dewar flask, wasted dewar flasks, clamps, experimental vacuum set-up with air pump connected, stopwatch, electrical mixer, thermometers, funnels, beakers Experiment Turned on the digital vacuum gauge and then took down the bulb A from the apparatus set, some ether was added into the bulb and then the bulb was reconnected to the apparatus. Next, prepared methylated spirits was added to a large dewar, then enough cardice was transferred from the the main container into a small container and added to the dewar with methylated spirits by using a tweezer. Enough cardice was added to make the methylated spirits reach a very low temperature which was about -78à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. After the temperature of the methylated spirits was low enough, some of the mixture was poured into a smaller dewar and then the cold trap was submerged by the mixture in the smaller dewar which was clamped and therefore fixed to continuously cold the cold trap. Then the air pump was turned on, the Tap 1 which was vacuum to Ether in the bulb A and the Tap 3 which was vacuum to Atmosphere were both closed while the Tap 2 which was vacuum to Transducer was open. After the cold trap was cold enough, open Tap 1 to boil the ether for seconds to make sure all the air inside those tubes were pumped out, and then closed Tap 1 and measure the rate of leaking by closing Tap 2 as well and then measuring the amount of pressure increased by looking at the digital vacuum gauge in one minute by using a stopwatch. The thermometer and the electrical mixer were well setted up around the bulb A as a thermostat bath, then submerged the bulb A with ether inside into the remaining mixture in the large dewar and clamped the large dewar to make it fixed. Then continuously add cardice into the large dewar and the smaller dewar to cool down the ether and keep the cold trap still cold. When the temperature of the mixture in the large dewar reached about -78à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, the large dewar was removed and Tap 2 was closed with Tap 1 open. The mixture in the large dewar was the pored into a wasted dewar and then the dewar was allowed to warm up. Then the ether in the bulb A was allowe d to warm up to room temperature and cold tap water in a beaker was used to submerge the bulb A to help warm up. After a enough long time was used for warming up, the thermometer was touched to the bulb A to measure the temperature of the ether at room temperature and this temperature reading and the corresponding pressure reading were both recorded as the first pair of data. The empty large dewar had also been warmed up already, fresh methylated spirits was then added to the dewar and the bulb A was submerged into the fresh mixture with the thermostat bath set also submerged in the mixture. The thermostat bath was started by turning on the electrical mixer, at the same time, Tap 3 and Tap 2 were still closed while Tap 1 was open. For obtaining data sets, a small amount of cardice was added each time to make sure the temperature only went down by 2 to 3 degrees or kelvins. The temperature reading and its corresponding pressure reading were both recorded after adding the cardice and waiting for both reading to be steady. The experiment was finished until the temperature had reached about -55 degrees . After finishing the experiment, the electrical mixer was then turned off and the Tap 1 and the Tap 2 were closed but the Tap 3 was then opened. The air pump was switched off after that. Next, both the large dewar and the smaller dewar were removed, and the methylated mixture in both dewars were poured back into the the container of methylated spirits using a funnel. The experiment had been repeated for three times and therefore three data sets were obtained. And all the repeats were done by using the same apparatus under the same condition. Results During the experiments, the raw data recorded for temperature was in degree and pressure was in mbar. See Table 1. For 1/T, Temperature was changed into the unit of kelvin. For ln(p), pressure was changed into the unit of bar. See Appendix A, Appendix B and Appendix C. Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 T /degrees p /mbar T /degrees p /mbar T /degrees p /mbar 15 661 8 511 14 582 9 547 5 448 4 432 7 476 3 393 1 385 4 424 -1 342 -2 316 2 378 -4 296 -6 268 -2 330 -7 253 -10 216 -4 291 -12 205 -14 182 -7 250 -15 174 -18 150 -10 220 -18 150 -21 126 -12 193 -21 132 -25 102 -14 175 -25 105 -27 91 -17 155 -31 80 -31 73 -20 132 -34 66 -35 59 -22 116 -37 53 -38 46 -26 95 -41 43 -42 37 -29 80 -44 38 -45 30 -33 65 -47 32 -48 26 -36 53 -51 26 -50 22 -40 41 -55 23 -52 20 -42 35 -60 18 -57 15 -44 32 -59 13 -48 25 -62 11 -52 20 -54 17 -56 14 -59 12 Table 1. Raw data from the experiments Figure 1. ln(p) against 1/T for Run 1 Figure 2. ln(p) against 1/T fro Run 2 Figure 3. ln(p) against 1/T for Run 3 Rate of leaking of pressure of the apparatus = 2 mbar/min To obtain à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap, the average value of gradients of three repeats which were obtained from Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3 was used to calculate the final result à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap. This was the same for the constant C, therefore the mean value of constants C of three repeats was used as the final result of C. The average gradient value = [(-3381.1) + (-3048.6) + (-3287.6)] à · 3 = -3239.1 K à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = -gradient Ãâ€" R = -3239.1 Ãâ€" 8.314 = 26929.8774 J mol-1 Constant C = (11.329 + 10.087 + 10.969) à · 3 = 10.795 Boiling point = Tboil = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RC = 26929.8774/(8.314 Ãâ€" 10.795) = 300.0555813 K ≈ 26.9 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ (to 3 s.f.) Data Analysis The theoretical value of the enthalpy of vaporization of diethyl ether is 27140 J mol-1 at 25 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ [4] , therefore, percentage of error of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = [(27140 26929.8774) à · 27140] Ãâ€" 100% ≈ 0.774% (to 3 s.f.) The theoretical value of the boiling point of diethyl ether is 34à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ [5], therefore, the percentage of error of boiling point = [(34 26.9) à · 34] Ãâ€" 100% ≈ 20.9% (to 3 s.f.) Uncertainty in T = (0.25 à · 1) Ãâ€" 100% = 25% Uncertainty in 1/T = (0.25 à · 12) Ãâ€"100% = 25% Uncertainty in p = (0.5 à · 11) Ãâ€" 100% ≈4.55% (to 3 s.f.) Uncertainty in ln(p) = (0.5 à · 11) Ãâ€" 100% ≈4.55% (to 3 s.f.) Uncertainty in à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = uncertainty in gradient = 25% + 4.55% = 29.55% Uncertainty in constant C = 29.55% Uncertainty in boiling point Tboil = 29.55% + 29.55% = 59.1% The values of R2 which are coefficients of determination were all shown to be fairly close to 1, therefore, the linear correlation between ln(p) and T was shown to be very nice. The percentage of error of boiling point is much larger than the percentage of error of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap, and the uncertainty of boiling point is even larger due to the uncertainties of 1/T and ln(p). This might come from two main sources of errors. One is the leaking of the experimental apparatus and the other is not high enough validities of temperature and pressure measurements obtained due to other errors like human errors. For the leaking of the apparatus, the rate of leaking was measured as 2 mbar/min. To be more specif, the leaking was caused by the incompletely sealed connections between those glass tubes. The time from starting to take down measurements to finishing the experiment was about half an hour, this has led to a large uncertainty in the pressure measurements. Therefore, the readings of pressure at the lower temperature are much less accurate and smaller than the actual value that they should be, this shifted the gradient to a higher value, but the more serious effect was on the constant C which is the intercept with the axis of ln(p). As pressure was first recorded in mbar, when changing it into the unit of bar, the value was less than 1, therefore ln(p) is less than zero, a decrease in the pressure value can lead to a large change in the value of ln(p). So the constant C is much higher than the actual value. Although the percentage of error of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap is small, but this does not mean the experiment was very accurate because its uncertainty is quite large, and this low percentage error might due to the combination of different errors. For not high enough validities of temperature and pressure measurements obtained. The human error of recording temperature has the largest effect, and it has been indicated by the uncertainty of temperature reading which is 25%, this uncertainty is quite large enough to lead to inaccurate temperature readings and therefore the large uncertainties of the enthalpy of vaporization and boiling point. Another error causing low validities is the time used to wait until the temperature and pressure readings to be steady, which can definitely lead to more leaking of pressure. Although the experiment was about 30-minute long, but some readings were recorded before they became steady, and this would make he readings recorded higher than the actual ones. Improvements To reduce the error caused by the leaking of the apparatus, more advanced apparatus much be used. The leaking in these experiments was mostly caused by the incompletely sealed connections between those glass tube. Therefore, a set-up which has all glass tubes well connected without any crevice would be an ideal choice, this kind of set-up should be an entirety and can effectively avoid leaking. If the problem of leaking is solved, the time for waiting until the readings to become steady each time can be as long as possible to make sure the measurements are as accurate as they can. To reduce the human error on taking down the readings of temperature and pressure, computers and sensors are suggested. For example, thermocouples [6] which are common temperature sensors used in industry, this type of temperature sensors can directly provide the electrical readings of temperature on the screen of the equipment and the size is fairly nice for using in laboratories. Computers can be used to take down the reading on those electrical equipment such as temperature sensors and the digital vacuum gauge by using the softwares or internal programs. More precautions must be payed attention. Therefore, make sure the ether used is pure enough and the experimental apparatus especially the bulb is clean to prevent from impurities, and during the step of boiling the ether by vacuuming the bulb, take a longer time to boil the ether to make sure that all the air in the tubes can be swept out. Conclusion In conclusion, the graphs have proved that the linear relationship between ln(p) and 1/T was reliable. Therefore, the main equation ln(p) = -à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RT + C can be used to find the enthalpy of vaporization and the boiling point of ether and the assumption which has been made about the volumes is reliable in this case. However, the apparatus and some technics much be improved to reduce errors and then obtain accurate results. References [1] 6. Vapour Pressure a a Function of Temperature, 1st Year Physical Chemistry Laboratory 2013 lab script, p. 2 [2] 6. Vapour Pressure a a Function of Temperature, 1st Year Physical Chemistry Laboratory 2013 lab script, p. 3 [3] Enthalpy. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy [Accessed 26th March 2014] [4] Majer, V.; Wagner, Z.; Svoboda, V.; Cadek, V., Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1980 , vol. 12, # 4 p. 387 392 [5] Gomberg, M., Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1923 , vol. 45, p. 398 398 [6] TemperatureSensors. Available from: https://controls.engin.umich.edu/wiki/index.php/TemperatureSensors [Accessed 26th March 2014] Appendix A Run 1 Temperature/degrees Pressure/mbar 1/T (T in kelvin) ln(p) (p in bar) 15 661 0.003470415 -0.414001439 9 547 0.003544214 -0.603306477 7 476 0.003569516 -0.742337425 4 424 0.003608154 -0.858021824 2 378 0.003634381 -0.972861083 -2 330 0.003687996 -1.108662625 -4 291 0.0037154 -1.234432012 -7 250 0.00375728 -1.386294361 -10 220 0.003800114 -1.514127733 -12 193 0.003829217 -1.64506509 -14 175 0.003858769 -1.742969305 -17 155 0.003903963 -1.864330162 -20 132 0.003950227 -2.024953356 -22 116 0.003981684 -2.154165088 -26 95 0.004046126 -2.353878387 -29 80 0.004095843 -2.525728644 -33 65 0.004164064 -2.733368009 -36 53 0.00421674 -2.937463365 -40 41 0.004289084 -3.194183212 -42 35 0.004326195 -3.352407217 -44 32 0.004363954 -3.442019376 -48 25 0.004441483 -3.688879454 -52 20 0.004521818 -3.912023005 -54 17 0.004563085 -4.074541935 -56 14 0.004605112 -4.268697949 -59 12 0.004669624 -4.422848629 Appendix B Run 2 Temperature/degree Pressure/mbar 1/T (T in kelvin) ln(p) (p in bar) 8 511 0.00355682 -0.671385689 5 448 0.003595182 -0.802962047 3 393 0.00362122 -0.933945667 -1 342 0.003674444 -1.072944542 -4 296 0.0037154 -1.217395825 -7 253 0.00375728 -1.37436579 -12 205 0.003829217 -1.5847453 -15 174 0.003873717 -1.74869998 -18 150 0.003919263 -1.897119985 -21 132 0.003965893 -2.024953356 -25 105 0.004029821 -2.253794929 -31 80 0.004129672 -2.525728644 -34 66 0.004181476 -2.718100537 -37 53 0.004234597 -2.937463365 -41 43 0.00430756 -3.146555163 -44 38 0.004363954 -3.270169119 -47 32 0.004421844 -3.442019376 -51 26 0.004501463 -3.649658741 -55 23 0.004584002 -3.772261063 -60 18 0.004691532 -4.017383521 Appendix C Run 3 Temperature/degree Pressure/mbar 1/T (T in kelvin) ln(p) (p in bar) 14 582 0.0034825 -0.541284831 4 432 0.003608154 -0.839329691 1 385 0.003647638 -0.954511945 -2 316 0.003687996 -1.152013065 -6 268 0.003743215 -1.316768298 -10 216 0.003800114 -1.532476871 -14 182 0.003858769 -1.703748592 -18 150 0.003919263 -1.897119985 -21 126 0.003965893 -2.071473372 -25 102 0.